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101.
Four problems occur in the scale development process: (a) defining the construct, (b) drawing items from multiple domains, (c) identifying dimensions, and (d) showing nomological validity. In order to minimize these problems, the authors propose a general hierarchical model (GHM) that provides an organizational structure for placing many of the individual difference constructs used in marketing and consumer behavior. Three principles, which were derived from the GHM, add to the current scale development paradigm: (a) Define and test the construct within a hierarchical network that includes antecedents and consequences, (b) define and test the construct's dimensionality, and (c) match the construct's items to its level in the hierarchical system. By using these steps in scale development, researchers can build more precise measures possessing higher levels of validity and reliability. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
102.
Joseph L. McCauley Kevin E. Bassler Gemunu H. Gunaratne 《International Review of Financial Analysis》2009,18(3):101-108
The method of cointegration in regression analysis is based on an assumption of stationary increments. Stationary increments with fixed time lag are called ‘integration I(d)’. A class of regression models where cointegration works was identified by Granger and yields the ergodic behavior required for equilibrium expectations in standard economics. Detrended finance market returns are martingales, and martingales do not satisfy regression equations. We ask if there exist detrended processes beyond standard regression models that satisfy integration I(d). We show that stationary increment martingales are confined to the Wiener process, and observe that martingales describing finance data admit neither the integration I(d) nor the ergodicity required for long time equilibrium relationships. In particular, the martingales derived from finance data do not admit the time (or ‘space’) translational invariance required for increment stationarity. Our analysis explains the lack of equilibrium observed earlier between FX rates and relative price levels. 相似文献
103.
The key contribution of this paper is to critically analyse advances made since the introduction of hospitality as a higher education subject, to capture contemporary thinking, and to support the recognition of the intellectual benefits for hospitality management theory and practices of a curriculum informed from a social science-based studies perspective. The benefits of this inter-relationship are demonstrated through the inclusion of an illustration informed by historical means of enquiry, which applies hermeneutical analysis and interpretation of St. Benedict's Rule (c. 530 A.D.). This serves to tangibly demonstrate the academic rigour, value, and educational gains achievable through a symbiotic relationship between hospitality studies and hospitality management. 相似文献
104.
We estimate the elasticity of reported income with respect to tax rates for high earners using sub‐national variation across Canadian provinces. We argue this allows for better identification of tax elasticities than the existing literature. We find that elasticities of reported income at the provincial level are large for incomes in the top 1%, but small for lower earners. There are strong indications that the response happens both through earned and capital income. While our estimated elasticities are large, changes in tax rates cannot explain much of the overall long‐run trend of higher income concentration in Canada. 相似文献
105.
Accounting ethics failures have seized headlines and cost investors billions of dollars. Improvement of the ethical reasoning and behavior of accountants has become a key concern for the accounting profession and for higher education in accounting. Researchers have asked a number of questions, including what type of accounting ethics education intervention would be most effective for accounting students. Some researchers have proposed virtue ethics as an appropriate moral framework for accounting. This research tested whether Smithian virtue ethics training, based on Adam Smith’s “The Theory of Moral Sentiments” (1790/1976), is effective in improving accounting student’s cognitive moral development (CMD). This research used a pre-test, treatment, post-test, quasi-experimental design utilizing the Defining Issues Test 2 (DIT-2) instrument to measure students’ CMD. Analysis of DIT-2 gain scores did show a significant improvement in subjects’ personal interest scores and a significant improvement in an overall measure of CMD, the DIT N2 index, whereas their DIT-2 post-conventional scores did not improve significantly. This research supports the proposition that the concepts contained in Smithian virtue ethics can contribute to an effective accounting ethics education intervention. However, further research is required to determine what concepts should be included to improve accounting students’ post-conventional moral reasoning. 相似文献
106.
Kevin?IbehEmail author Jeffrey E.?Johnson Pavlos?Dimitratos Jonathan?Slow 《Journal of International Entrepreneurship》2004,2(4):289-303
This paper provides some preliminary evidence on the behaviour of the micromultinational, an emergent player in the international entrepreneurship field. Using survey data from the Scottish Council for Development and Industry, it found that mMNEs originate from a mixture of high and low technology sectors and employ Foreign Direct Investment as well as international contractual approaches in servicing their foreign target markets. It also concluded that micromultinationals overseas market selection decisions were mainly influenced by market- and knowledge-seeking factors rather than considerations of psychic proximity. The implications of these summary findings for policy, theory and future research are discussed in the paper. 相似文献
107.
Kevin Gibson 《Journal of Business Ethics》2003,48(1):53-64
The so-called "Prisoner's Dilemma" is often referred to in business ethics, but probably not well understood. This article has three parts: (1) I claim that models derived from game theory are significant in the field for discussions of prudential ethics and the practical decisions managers make; (2) I discuss using them as a practical pedagogical exercise and some of the lessons generated; (3) more speculatively, I suggest that they are useful in discussions of corporate personhood. 相似文献
108.
This paper analyzes the sources of U.S. productivity
growth through 2004 and presents medium-term projections
for the U.S. economy. We attribute a substantial
portion of productivity gains over the past decade to production
and use of information technology equipment
and software. In the most recent years, we also identify a
growing contribution from sources outside the technology-
producing sectors. Our base-case projection for the
GDP growth rate is almost exactly three percent. We
emphasize the substantial range of uncertainty by presenting
an optimistic projection of 3.5 percent and a pessimistic
projection of only 1.9 percent.
JEL Classification D240,E230 相似文献
109.
110.
Steven J. Miller Eric T. Bradlow Kevin Dayaratna 《Quantitative Marketing and Economics》2006,4(2):173-206
Articles in Marketing and choice literatures have demonstrated the need for incorporating person-level heterogeneity into
behavioral models (e.g., logit models for multiple binary outcomes as studied here). However, the logit likelihood extended
with a population distribution of heterogeneity doesn’t yield closed-form inferences, and therefore numerical integration
techniques are relied upon (e.g., MCMC methods).
We present here an alternative, closed-form Bayesian inferences for the logit model, which we obtain by approximating the
logit likelihood via a polynomial expansion, and then positing a distribution of heterogeneity from a flexible family that
is now conjugate and integrable. For problems where the response coefficients are independent, choosing the Gamma distribution
leads to rapidly convergent closed-form expansions; if there are correlations among the coefficients one can still obtain
rapidly convergent closed-form expansions by positing a distribution of heterogeneity from a Multivariate Gamma distribution.
The solution then comes from the moment generating function of the Multivariate Gamma distribution or in general from the
multivariate heterogeneity distribution assumed.
Closed-form Bayesian inferences, derivatives (useful for elasticity calculations), population distribution parameter estimates
(useful for summarization) and starting values (useful for complicated algorithms) are hence directly available. Two simulation
studies demonstrate the efficacy of our approach.
JEL Classification C6 · C8 · M3 相似文献